How can we lift our mood and nourish our brain? 

Depression, now the leading cause of disability globally, affects millions. According to the World Health Organization, it represents a significant disease burden, particularly in high-income countries (1). With a staggering 100 million antidepressant prescriptions issued annually—a 70% increase in five years—it’s clear that something is going wrong in our modern western world (1).

Thankfully, nutrition and lifestyle changes provide science-backed ways to boost our mood naturally.

(If you want to know more about how to overcome depression then make sure you watch our webinar ‘Finding your way out of depression’).

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Understanding Depression

Depression manifests through persistent feelings of hopelessness, low energy, disrupted sleep, and even physical changes such as weight loss or gain (2). The root causes can be multifactorial—psychological stress, biochemical imbalances, or nutritional deficiencies.

But here’s the good news: you can take simple, practical steps to nourish your brain, boost serotonin, and improve your mood naturally.

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7 Ways to Boost Mood and Brain Function

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1. Increase Your Omega-3 Fats

Your brain is 60% fat, and omega-3 DHA and EPA are critical for its structure and function. Countries with high fish consumption have lower depression rates. A study from Harvard Medical School found that EPA, specifically, has potent antidepressant effects.

A meta-analysis published in Psychopharmacology Bulletin found that higher omega-3 intake reduces depressive symptoms by 53%. Omega-3 helps build brain cell membranes and boosts serotonin receptor function, which improves mood and cognition.

What to do: Eat oily fish like salmon, sardines, and mackerel at least twice a week or supplement with high-dose omega-3 fish oil. Aim for 1,000–2,000 mg of EPA and DHA combined daily (4, 5, 6).

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2. Optimise Your B Vitamins and Lower Homocysteine

The little-known amino acid, homocysteine, may double your risk for depression if levels are elevated. This toxic by-product accumulates when you’re deficient in B6, B12, and folic acid, impairing brain chemistry. 

Studies by Professor David Smith from Oxford show that lowering homocysteine can dramatically slow brain shrinkage and improve mood. Which is why we now offer at home homocysteine test kits so you can monitor your own level and prevent disease (7,8,9).

What to do: Eat leafy greens, whole grains, and fortified foods. Test your homocysteine and aim for levels below 7 μmol/L. Supplement with a methylated B complex (20 mg B6, 500 μg B12, and 400 μg methylfolate).

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“B vitamins are brain-makers; without them, key neurotransmitters like serotonin can’t be synthesised” – Patrick Holford, Upgrade Your Brain.

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3. Fuel Your Brain with Serotonin Precursors

Serotonin, your “happy hormone”, is made from tryptophan, an amino acid found in protein-rich foods like fish, poultry, beans, and eggs. For some, tryptophan conversion to serotonin is impaired due to poor digestion or low stomach acid, common with age and stress.

Supplementing with 5-HTP can bypass these barriers. Clinical studies show 5-HTP compares favourably with SSRIs in treating depression (10, 11, 12, 13).

What to do: Include tryptophan-rich foods daily and consider a 5-HTP supplement (100–200 mg twice daily). Always consult your doctor if combining with antidepressants.

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4. Balance Your Blood Sugar

Maintaining stable blood sugar levels is essential for mood regulation, as uneven glucose supply to the brain can lead to irritability, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. Diets high in refined carbohydrates and sugar contribute to these fluctuations and are linked to poor mood and an increased risk of depression. A study of 3,456 adults found that individuals consuming diets rich in processed foods had a 58% greater risk of depression, whereas those eating whole foods experienced a 26% reduced risk (14, 14, 16).

 Refined sugars also deplete mood-enhancing nutrients like B vitamins, essential for energy production, and divert chromium, which is vital for glucose regulation. Adopting a low glycaemic load (GL) diet, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and focusing on whole foods, fruits, and vegetables can help stabilise blood sugar levels and improve mood.

What to do: Follow a Low-GL diet with whole foods, low-GL carbs, and protein at every meal. Avoid sugar, caffeine, and alcohol .

5. Boost Your Vitamin D Levels

The “sunshine vitamin,” vitamin D, is essential for mood regulation. Research shows a 40% lower incidence of depression in those with adequate vitamin D. Alarmingly, over 60% of the UK population is deficient during winter (17, 18, 19, 20).

What to do: Get tested and aim for levels above 75 nmol/L. Supplement with 2,000–3,000 IU daily in winter months.

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6. Include Chromium to Combat Atypical Depression

If you suffer from atypical depression—characterised by weight gain, fatigue, and carbohydrate cravings—you might benefit from chromium. Studies show chromium supplementation can improve mood scores by up to 83% (21, 22, 23).

What to do: Include whole grains and vegetables or supplement with 600 mcg of chromium picolinate daily.

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7. Bring on the Sunshine and Movement

Exercise and sunlight have a direct effect on serotonin levels and mood. Regular exercise boosts brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which helps build new brain cells and connections】.

What to do: Aim for 30 minutes of exercise daily and sun exposure for 15 minutes, when safe.

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Key Action Plan

Eat oily fish twice weekly or supplement omega-3s with at least 1,000 mg EPA and DHA.
Test and lower homocysteine with B6, B12, and folic acid supplements.
Try 5-HTP to boost serotonin naturally.
Follow a Low-GL diet to stabilise blood sugar.
Supplement vitamin D during winter. Find out more about dose here.
Add chromium for atypical depression.
Exercise regularly and get sensible sun exposure.

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Food for the Brain is a not-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.

By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices.

Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.

 References

World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. WHO; 2017.
Brown G, et al. Social support, self-esteem and depression. Psychol Med. 1986;16(4):813-31.
Hibbeln JR. ‘Fish consumption and major depression’. Lancet, vol 351(9110), pp. 1213 (1998)
M. Peet and R, Stokes, Omega 3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders Drugs, vol 65(8), pp. 1051-9 (2005)
S Kraguljac NV, Montori VM, Pavuluri M, Chai HS, Wilson BS, Unal SS (2009) Efficacy of omega-3 Fatty acids in mood disorders – a systematic review and metaanalysis. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 42(3):39-54
Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet. 1998;351(9110):1213.
Coppen A, Bailey J. Folic acid and affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2000;60(2):121-30.
Taylor MJ, Carney SM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Folate for depressive disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD003390.
Smith AD, Refsum H. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive impairment. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:211-39.
Poldinger W et al. A comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology. 1991;24(2):53-81.
E. Turner, Serotoninalacarte: Supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan.’ Pharmacology&Therapeutics (2005) [article in press].
W. Poldinger et al. A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency and target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine, Psychopathology vol 24(2), pp. 53-81 (1991)
Associate editor: K.A. Neve ‘Serotonin a la carte: Supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan’ ErickH. Turner a,c,d,*, Jennifer M. Loftis a,b,c, AaronD. Blackwell a,b,e Pharmacology & Therapeutics(2005) www.elsevier.com/locate/pharmthera
Akbaraly TN, Brunner EJ, Ferrie JE, et al. Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195:408–13.
Benton D, Owens DS, Parker PY. Blood glucose influences memory and mood in an everyday setting. Biol Psychol. 1982;14(1-2):129–35.
Christensen L. Psychological distress and diet – effects of sucrose and caffeine. J Appl Nutr. 1988;40(1):44–50.
Lansdowne AT, Provost SC (1998): Demonstrates that vitamin D3 supplementation enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter.
C. Wilkins et al. (2006): Links vitamin D deficiency to low mood and poorer cognitive performance in older adults.
A. Nanri et al. (2009): Discusses the association between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms across seasonal changes.
R. Jorde et al. (2008): Shows that vitamin D supplementation alleviates depressive symptoms in overweight and obese individuals
Lifting Depression – The Chromium Connection by Dr Malcolm McLeod (Basic Health Publications):
J. R. Davidson et al, Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial, Biol Psychiatry, vol 53(3), pp. 261-4 (2003)
Docherty, J et al, ‘A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Exploratory Trial of Chromium Picolinate in Atypical Depression’. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. Vol 11(5), pp. 302-314, (2005)
Holford P. Upgrade Your Brain. HarperCollins; 2024.

By Patrick Holford

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Quite a few intelligent people extrapolate a rather apocalyptic future for humanity. Whether we nuke ourselves, run out of resources, become infertile, overtaken by AI robots or are struck by a meteor, some go so far as to recommend space travel to secure humanity’s future.

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The two fundamental problems

My ponderings conclude that there are two fundamental problems – and one essential requirement to solve them. The first problem is corruption, primarily driven by greed. The second is a lack of design, for truly sustainable living in the areas of health, ecology and economy. The essential requirement to solve both of these problems is benevolent intelligence – that is, intelligence for the benefit of all, with the right motive and not driven by greed for money, power or status.

Here lies a key problem to add to the list of dwindling resources, pollution and war mongering, and it is the undeniable decline in that unique attribute which makes Homo sapiens dominant in the world, perhaps even the universe – that is his intelligence. IQ, brain size and mental health are all in rapid decline. Scandinavian research says IQ is falling by about 7% a generation. Brain volume, based on skull size, has decreased by 20% in the last 20,000 years or so. Rates of mental illness and neurodegeneration are escalating across all ages and seemingly in all countries.

We do not just need a few super-bright people, although that helps, if the populous in general is dumbing down. That’s a recipe for dictatorship. We need the majority to ‘wise up’ – including both the young, because they are the future and the elders, because they hold knowledge from experience. (I like Isabelle Allende’s – the best selling Chilean American novelist – definition of experience as ‘what you learn just after you need to know it’.)

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At risk of losing all that we have learned…

In China for example, the ‘silver haired’ economy of people over the age of 60 comprises 300 million people. The tragedy of course, is that many are drifting into dementia and losing the memory of all that has been learned.

That is why, along with peace, climate, ecology and sustainable energy activism, the mission of foodforthebrain.org is to protect and promote intelligence and mental health and must expand to become global if we are to survive as a species.

The acceleration of societal change in the digital age, compared to the industrial age, will be rapidly surpassed by the age of artificial intelligence. Resistance is futile. For us, on a mission to protect and promote mental health and enhance intelligence, AI opens up the possibility to make our COGNITION programme available to all, in any language, and to learn from the experience of thousands, what specific messaging really helps drive positive behaviour change to promote mental health and intelligence.

Of course, we would like all this taught in schools and prioritised in healthcare but we cannot afford to wait for the corrupted governmental bureaucracies to paradigm shift. So called healthcare, in most countries, remains deeply in the claws of big Pharma and big Food. 

Putting prevention before profit is not even in their futuristic sights, whether one votes left or right. In the UK, for example, the NHS remains the fastest growing failing business, with no plans for preventing disease. The latest person put in charge of prevention, Professor John Deanfield, is paid by and has shares in, pharma. He considers prevention to be achieved by more drugs to more people earlier, despite the fact that the crippling diseases we have created in the 21st century were never caused by a lack of drugs.

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Prevention before profits – let’s do it together!

Hence, we have to ‘do it ourselves’, direct to the public, people telling people, funded by people – citizen science and education at its best. Our impact may be small to start with, lacking significant funding or buy-in from progressive countries but both are increasingly likely as the mental health meltdown becomes epidemic. The cost of dementia crises will linger and the breakdown in children’s mental health, upon which our future depends, looms as catastrophic. Who will care for the billions with neurodegeneration? This is not a problem that is going away.

China is a case in point. There are 300 million people over 60 and the estimated annual cost of dementia will exceed $1 trillion in the next decade. Do we ‘make Britain dementia friendly’ and pour yet more money into our failing health services or do we end dementia? The scientific fact is that less than one in a hundred cases of Alzheimer’s are caused by genes. Theoretically, 99 percent could be prevented with nutrition and lifestyle changes. It isn’t actually that difficult.

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Global mission

This is not a pipe dream. We can do so much together to change this – anything is possible!

Next year we are targeting 18 million over 60 year olds in China with the blessing and collaboration of the former minister and vice minister of health, both now ‘silver-haired’. What we are doing – personalising and popularising prevention – is doable on a global scale, precisely because we are in a digital age. AI allows us to break down the barrier of language. 

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3 ways to join the mission

You can support us with this vital mission in three ways:

Take the Cognitive Function test yourself at foodforthebrain.org. That 30 minutes of your time makes you a Citizen Scientist because your anonymised data helps us research what really works for prevention.
Become a FRIEND of foodforthebrain.org contributing £50 a year. That is how we have reached several million so far, tested half a million and funded building the technology to reach millions more with translations in all languages. 
Donate whatever you can – time, skills or money. We are a small but mighty team and literally every £10 helps. For example, right now, we are building the same things for children, teens and their parents – COGNITION for Smart Kids. It’s a £25,000 build and we’ve raised about £10,000. We hope to launch in April – 100 days to go – £100 a day. That’s what we need. If 100 people give £100 we can reach millions of parents and children.  Alternatively, volunteer and share your skills.

There is so much hope for our future humanity if we work together!

Thank you for reading!

Food for the Brain is a not-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.

By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices.

Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.

By Patrick Holford & Kim Close

Are you stuck in a recipe rut, cooking the same limited meals over and over again? 

Are you looking for ways to boost your brain health? 

The new Upgrade Your Brain Cook App is the answer as we start the year.

It not only provides easy meals, from breakfasts to snacks, main meals, and desserts but each recipe is designed to ‘dementia-proof’ your brain.

Launched this week, the recipes are based on extensive research which has identified the four critical qualities of meals that link to better mood, memory and mental energy, banishing brain fog and forgetfulness. These essential components are: a good quantity of brain fats, slow releasing carbs (Low GL), antioxidants and B-vitamins.

Each recipe is scored accordingly and if you choose something missing or low on one of these critical components, you can then choose a recipe higher in it next time and it will add to your daily and weekly meal score bar so you can clearly see your progress and adapt what you’re eating, to hit the brain friendly zone. 

These are all easy to make, tried and tested recipes that will not only help you get out of the recipe rut but also educate, motivate and energise you in the process.

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It won’t just help your brain health…

And the extra good news? What’s good for the brain is good for the body. 

A recent study from the UK Biobank data shows that increased intake of omega-3 from fish oils reduces the risk of 35 diseases. “As far as fish is concerned, we say ‘SMASH it – S for salmon, M for mackerel, A for anchovies, S for sardines and H for herring or kipper. But many people don’t know how to make delicious food with fish. 

The Upgrade Your Brain Cook App has lots of delicious recipes from breakfasts to desserts, snacks and main meals, each with brain-friendly attributes.

Each recipe prioritises:

Antioxidant-rich dishes to neutralise oxidative stress, a major contributor to brain aging. Are you stuck in a recipe rut, cooking the same limited meals over and over again? 
Low sugar (GL-friendly) options to help stabilise blood sugar and support healthy weight management.
Brain-fat friendly ingredients to provide the right fats such as omega-3 for cognitive function.
B-vitamin rich meals to support energy, methylation, and homocysteine levels—key factors in maintaining brain health.

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Here’s an example of a ‘perfect’ day. 

Once you’ve picked a dish from the App, it shows you what to eat next to tick the box for these four brain-friendly requirements for a perfect day. This sample menu, for example, is low in GL and high in brain fats. This is important as anything below 45 GLs helps you to lose weight, and foods high in brain fats give you extra credit for the next day. 

The Upgrade Your Brain Cook App also lets you tailor recipes to your dietary preferences (e.g., dairy-free, gluten-free, plant-based) while ensuring your meals are both delicious and scientifically designed to promote brain health.

There are lots of delicious and easy to make recipes to suit everyone from vegans to meat eaters and those who choose to avoid gluten or other food intolerances such as:

 Coconut & Almond Porridge
Chicken Satay Skewers with Peanut-lime Dipping Sauce
Crispy Chickpea & Kale Snack Bowl
Spiced Salmon Burger with Sweet Potato Fries & Slaw
Thai Fish Cakes with Satay Dipping Sauce
Tofu-Quinoa Poke Bowl
Avo-Edamame Hummus with Flaxseed Crackers
Chaat Masala Chickpeas
Cherry Sorbet
Pineapple-Watermelon-Pomegranate Fruit Platter
 and many more. 

Wendy is a case in point “I lost 6 stone, reversed my diabetes and my energy came back following these principles. My memory and mood are transformed. I love this App. It makes healthy eating doable and fun. The recipes are fantastic and easy to make.”

The recipes, devised by nutritionist and chef Kim Close and Fiona McDonald Joyce (author of five recipe books) are all tried and tested, firm favourites and let you adapt even something like burger and fries into a brain-friendly recipe such as ‘Spicy Salmon Burgers with Coleslaw and Sweet Potato Fries’ while still being absolutely delicious.

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Here is a sample recipe: 

The Upgrade Your Brain Cook App Spicy Salmon Burgers with Coleslaw and Sweet Potato Fries (serves 4)

Ingredients:

4 salmon fillets (about 150g each), skin removed
2 tbsp Cajun seasoning
200g cabbage, shredded
1 carrot, shredded
50g mayonnaise
1 tbsp apple cider vinegar
2 sweet potatoes, cut into fries
2 tbsp olive oil
Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

Preheat your oven to 200°C. Toss sweet potato fries with 1 tbsp olive oil and season with salt. Spread on a baking sheet and bake for 25-30 minutes, turning halfway, until crispy.
Pulse the salmon in a food processor until finely chopped. Transfer to a bowl, add Cajun seasoning, and form into four burger patties.
Heat the remaining olive oil in a pan over medium heat and cook the salmon burgers for 3-4 minutes per side, until cooked through.
For the coleslaw, mix the shredded cabbage and carrot with mayonnaise and apple cider vinegar. Season with salt and pepper.
Serve the spicy salmon burgers with coleslaw and sweet potato fries on the side.

Air Fryer Instructions: Preheat the air fryer to 200°C. Cook the sweet potato fries in the basket for about 15-20 minutes until crispy. Then, cook the salmon burgers for 10-12 minutes until they are fully cooked. Serve as above.

All proceeds help our mission, charitable work and research on what really prevents dementia.

Thank you for reading!

Food for the Brain is a not-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.

By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices.

Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.